Two Major International Human Rights Issues essays

Two Major International Human Rights Issues essays The two major international human rights issues discussed in this paper are: John Lennon once wrote a song, which said, Women are the niggers of the world... The words, unfortunately, are an accurate description of the plight of women since times immemorial. The biological differences between the male and female human species have obviously been the root cause behind the traditional discrimination against women in most societies. The child-bearing ability and physically weaker bodies of the females have resulted in relegating them to a restricted role as mothers and wives. On the other hand, the male who did not have to suffer from the disadvantage of bearing children and possessed greater physical strength, assumed the role of the provider outside the home, and began to dominate the women. The widespread belief that women were intellectually inferior to men also contributed to their lowly status in the society, which was even accepted by the women themselves until as late as the 19th century when the first stirrings of the womens rights movement were felt in the Western world. Since then, women in Western societies have managed to win several key rights such as the right to vote, their individual legal status, the right to own property in their name, and economic as well as reproductive independence.1 Millions of women in the underdeveloped and the developing world, however, are still denied their basic human rights only because of the reason that they are women. Even in the Western world, gender equality has not been fully achieved with issues such as sexual harassment in the workplace, unequal pay, and invisible glass ceilings often confronting the working women. In some countries such as India, the gender bias against women is so pronounced that it is not unusual for middle class women to opt for abortion if the sex of the unborn baby has been determined as female...

7 Surefire Ways to Get a Great Job

7 Surefire Ways to Get a Great Job You get a job by finding openings, sending out your resume, and impressing employers during the interview process. It can take some time, but it’s fairly simple. It’s a bit more challenging to land a dream job. First, you have to find the right opening, then you have to make yourself stand out in a sea of applicants. Only then do you have the chance of landing a great job and starting your dream career.1. Become a Master of Your TradeIf you want that well-paid job, you’re going to have to bring the skills. Companies with hot, in demand jobs need people who can bring expertise with them. Then, they need those same people to have the motivation to continue learning and growing with the organization.Before you start your job search, do a skills inventory. Are your marketable skills up to date? Have you been using the most current technology? Maybe it’s time to take a class or two, or spend some time at home doing projects to update your skills.2. Cast a Wide NetThe best jobs rarely make it to the most commonly used job boards. Many are filled by word of mouth and proactive recruiting. Other companies simply wait for interested applicants to find them. This means that you have to cast a wide net in order to put yourself into consideration for the best jobs.You can start by networking. Find and connect with people who work for the companies that interest you. Follow the companies themselves on social media as well. Also, forget about job boards. Yes, you might find something worth pursuing, but you’re more likely to learn of a great opening on a company website or through a social media post.3. Research The Company You Want to Work ForHere’s a great piece of career advice. Do some deep research into the company you want to work for before you approach them about a job. Not only can it help you to identify where, when, and how they might need someone with your skills, it can help you ace the interview process as well.Thereâ⠂¬â„¢s a point in almost every interview where the applicant is asked if they have any questions. This can truly be a pivotal point in the interview. If you throw out some generic question such as, ‘Are there any interesting projects happening soon?’,you become   just another, forgettable applicant.On the other hand, if you have a thoughtful, insightful question that only someone who has truly bothered to do some research can ask, that can provoke some great dialogue. It will also impress the heck out of the interviewer.4. Make Sure Your Resume is Spot OnResume writing should never be an afterthought. After all, your professional resume is the tool that you use to get the attention of hiring managers and boost your career prospects. Take the time to put together a great resume. It can really mean the difference between getting a call back for an interview and landing in the circular file.There’s a good reason why some people opt to hire a resume writing service rather than attempting to write their own resumes or CV. A qualified resume expert knows how to use both content and formatting to create a resume that is visually appealing, and draws attention to your best features.5. Develop a Powerful Online PresenceIf you have a LinkedIn profile, that’s a great start. However, it isn’t enough to make the connections that will lead to your dream job. You have to create a powerful online presence. This will help you build the network that you need as well as giving yourself a forum to establish yourself as a thought leader in your industry. Here are some tips on creating a professional presence online.FacebookStart by creating a professional page that is separate from your personal page. Then, complete all of your profile information. It’s a good idea to include a link to your resume as well as other social media sites. Once you have done that, you can start following companies as well as leaders in your chosen field.As far as content goes, yours should be a mixture of the following:Sharing And Commenting on Posts Made by Thought LeadersSharing And Commenting on Industry Relevant ArticlesPosting Your Thoughts on Industry Related News And EventsPromoting Your Own Blog ContentTwitterFirst, try to pick a Twitter handle that reflects your passion and expertise. Once you’ve set that up, you’ll want to select individuals and companies to follow. Just like you did on Facebook, you’ll want to comment on and retweet interesting Tweets.Twitter is also a great place to find and participate in relevant conversations. You can use the search feature to find posts based on keyword phrases that are meaningful to your industry.LinkedInThis one is really important. When companies want to fill an in demand position, they will often begin by searching for qualified candidates on LinkedIn. Be sure to do the following.Use a professional photo as your background.Fill out your profile completely.Ask peopl e for recommendations.Post content to LinkedIn.Reach out to coworkers, fellow alumni, and others to begin building a great network.QuoraThis newly popular forum is a great place to establish thought leadership. Simply set up your profile and look for questions that are relevant to your areas of expertise. Then answer them to show your insights.Your Professional WebsiteYour professional website should act as home base. It should contain samples of your work, your accomplishments, your resume, links to any customer testimonials and recommendations, and the story of why you are in the field that you are and what makes you so passionate about it.Your BlogThis is your place to post original content that relates to your field. Keep your blog updated frequently, promote your posts on your other social media accounts, and engage with your audience. You never know when a follower may become the link to your next dream job.6. Be Positive About Your Current PositionEveryone knows that you shou ld never burn bridges by badmouthing your current employer. However, to increase your chances of getting a great job, you should go one step further. Make a point to speak positively about your current or former employer.This doesn’t just apply to interviews. You should take the same positive, supportive approach on social media as well. You’ll never hurt yourself by remaining cordial and professional.7. Pursue What You Want to do Any Way You CanYour dream job may not be right around the corner. You may need to gain some more work experience, or even get a college degree. The point is to work towards your dream job continually, even if that work is done incrementally.ConclusionIf you want to land the job of your dreams, you have to change up your game to stand out from other job seekers. Follow the seven tips above, and you will be well on your way to accomplishing your goals.About the author:Lisa Sparkers is an avid Resumes.Expert blogger aiming to help you make a suc cessful career and enjoy what you’re doing every single day. You can follow her on Twitter @LisaSparkers.

Chidren with disabilty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Chidren with disabilty - Essay Example There are no racial differences in dyslexia. It occurs in all languages, races and religions. Dyslexia is associated with a high level of social and psychological morbidity for the individual and their family. In approximately 40-50% of cases, the disability is persistent into adulthood (Schulte et al, 2007). Reading is a process that synthesizes data from the highly developed visual perception system and transfers it to the highly developed language system via brains network of nerve cells that connect centers of vision, language and memory. This transformation of data involves certain skills like recognizing specific visual symbols as letters, focusing and scanning across the page, recognizing sounds associated with letters and making that connection, understanding words and grammar, building ideas and images, comparing new ideas to what one already knows and storing ideas in memory (Earl, 2006). Dyslexia is a disorder related to the language system and involves deficient processing of individual linguistic units, called phonemes, which comprise all spoken and written words (Tynan, 2006). A child with dyslexia typically has problems with segmentation, the process of recognizing different phonemes that constitute words or with blending these sounds to make words (Tynan, 2006). The disab ility in dyslexia can involve any task in reading. While a significant number of children with dyslexia share an inability to distinguish or separate the sounds in spoken words, others may have trouble with rhyming games, such as rhyming cat with bat or cannot recall seeing a specific word previously and have poor "word confrontation" memory recognition (Earl, 2006). There is a broad spectrum of dyslexia related phenotypes like phonological decoding, phoneme awareness, orthographic processing, short-term memory, rapid naming and basic mathematical

Political reasons Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Political reasons - Article Example Our planet is suffering from climate change and we can no longer deny its effects. Storms are getting fiercer, hurricanes became more destructive, flooding becoming more frequent that it now cost us lives and properties. We should instead explore alternative source of energy to help heal our planet and make the lives of all people better before spending money on space projects which are very expensive with no real immediate benefit to improve the lot of mankind. Space projects do not immediately benefit us. So what if we understood the cosmos when we cannot address human suffering? This is not to say that space projects are useless. We just have to set our priorities straight. First we should alleviate human suffering, then fix our planet and when all of that is already done, then that would be the proper time to spend money on space projects. But for now, we have to direct our resources to more urgent

Focus on the Murder of Simon in Lord of the Flies Essay Example for Free

Focus on the Murder of Simon in Lord of the Flies Essay Read from Towards midnight to the end of Chapter 9. Contrast this description of Simons beatification to the previous description of his murder. How is Simons role in the Novel captured by this extract? The description of Simons murder and the description of his final journey out to sea after his death are completely different to each other. In the first, the boys brutally murder Simon because they think he is the beast. In the second, Simon is beatified and martyred as his body is carried out to sea. When the boys murder Simon, Goldings use of language helps to create the sense of crowd mentality that the boys are feeling as the storm around them grows. Language such as unbearable noise, explosion, and abominable, give the impression that the storm is deafening the boys, and that the cacophony of sound is contributing to the sense of hysteria that is driving the boys to their actions. In comparison to this, the use of language in the description of Simons beatification is much softer, and gives the reader a sense of calm, in contrast to the feeling of agitation in the description of Simons murder. For example, there is a wide use of language suggesting light in the description, such as, phosphorescence, moonbeams, and brightness. This gives the reader the idea that Simon is being watched over by God, or a higher being, and therefore suggesting that God is accepting Simons body as a martyr. Goldings use of pathetic fallacy also contributes strongly to the contrast between the two descriptions. In the first description, the clouds opened and let down he rain like a waterfall, and the dark sky was shattered by a blue white scar. This description of the intensity of the storm emphasises the madness of the boys. In contrast, in the description of Simons beatification, the rain ceased and the clouds drifted away, and the air was cool, moist and clear. This calming of the storm allows Golding to prepare the reader for the sense of reverence they should feel at Simons death. The manner in which the boys are presented in the first description is also significant. Language such as struck, bit, tore and teeth and claws, portray the group of terrified boys as an animal; a beast. However, the group also believes that they are killing the beast, who is in fact, Simon. This shows the boys complete descent into savagery, as they become the very thing that they are trying to destroy. In complete contrast to this, the dead body of Simon, the beast, is described using language such as silver, marble, and pearls. This use of precious white minerals suggests Simons innocence and purity, the polar opposite of the group of boys who murdered him. This extract describing Simons beatification helps to capture Simons overall role in the novel. Throughout the novel, Simon is the only moral and spiritual boy on the island. He is first singled out by Ralph and described as vivid. On the boys fist journey into the jungle, Simon is fascinated by the beauty of the candle bud plants. When the boys are supposed to be building huts on the beach, Simon is the only one who stays to help Ralph build. All this shows Simons sensitivity and moral integrity. After his death, Simon has a Christ-like quality that singles him out from the rest of the boys. This is because of the spiritual intelligence that he shows throughout the novel. This final description of Simon also captures his role as a kind of guardian angel to Ralph earlier in the novel. When Ralph is despairing that the boys were becoming savages and would never get rescued, Simon appears to comfort him. He says, I think youll get back all right. This suggests that Simon has some kind of foresight, as he realises that Ralph will get home, but that he himself will not. This foresight also contributes to his other-worldly spirituality. Overall, Goldings use of language in the description of Simons beatification helps to suggest Simons spiritual and moral role in The Lord of the Flies.

The Rejection of Vedic Sacrificial Ritual in Indian Culture :: India Culture Religion Papers

The Rejection of Vedic Sacrificial Ritual in Indian Culture My intention in this piece is to explore the development of the concepts of brahman and atman in ancient Indian culture. I intend to examine the role of the Upanisads in Vedic society and to investigate their abandonment of Vedic sacrificial ritual. I contend that the writers of the Upanisads turned towards a mystical path away from society in order to explore a viable alternate way of living that did not involve sacrificial ritual. Although the only record we have of this shift in thought is a set of philosophical discourses, I suggest that this was not solely an intellectual move. Rather, there were emotional reasons as well as logical reasons that these groups of people moved away from Vedic society in pursuit of brahman. This was a slow process that evolved over many years and although it did not banish sacrifice from Indian culture, it laid the foundation for later non-violent religious movements in India. In attempting to apply Rene Girard and Gil Bailie’s theory o f acknowledgement of the victim to an ancient Indian phenomenon, I intend to show that the Upanisadic rejection of Vedic sacrificial ritual was a significant move away from the sacrificial system upon which humanity relies so heavily. Vedic Sacrifice: Maintenance of the Universe The sacrificial system of ancient India was founded on a worldview that placed humanity in an allegorical relationship with the divine realm. The physical world of humans was seen as a smaller, mirror image of the greater world of the gods. The fundamental role of religion was to assign and perform the appropriate rites to maintain proper order in the universe. The gods required regular offerings and appeasement. Thus, a relationship with the gods required maintenance that was provided by the sacrificial ritual. Fire ceremonies and the ritual giving of offerings to the gods were common practices for the Aryan tribes that invaded the Indian sub-continent in approximately 1500 BCE. [1] Their simpler, private offering ceremonies eventually evolved into the more codified, communal, elaborate sacrificial rituals of classical Vedic culture as this new society began to grow and change. Fire itself was of central importance to this civilization and all of these rituals focused around the offertory fire. It is logical, then, that the Aryans eventually personified the fire itself and deemed it divine.

Int Marketing

Synopsis Throughout the article we know that Pegasus Airlines is one of the best airlines in Turkey. The secret behind the success of the airlines was continuity of developing to meet passenger expectations and priorities. For example, Pegasus has put in place a yield management strategy for ticket pricing, using the strategy of Southwest Airlines of North America as an example. Pegasus has also developed a credit/loyalty card which offers customers a range of benefits including insurance rate reductions and also developed a specific customer satisfaction guarantee policy to the customers.Pegasus also offers customer service experience at the airport such as providing exclusive allotments for the first 72 hours of parking with a valet parking option. As a result, Pegasus innovative customer service won the company an award for â€Å"Best Airline Business Price† in 2006. The marketing strategy applied by Pegasus Airlines has succeeded Pegasus as one of the most searched airline in Turkey on Google. Pegasus’ employees also work as a team to provide a democratic environment in which everyone shares their ideas freely.Continuous training also ensured regular career progression and high levels of motivation through a solid performance system and regular personal feedback. Pegasus’ strong word of mouth has also been important in the airline’s success and is reflected in the words of customers on a special Web site titled â€Å"Pegasus Listens to You. † This encourage customers to generate ideas for service improvement, to debate generic questions and topics relating to the airline’s management and services, and also to encourage customers to report problems they have encountered.As a conclusion, efficient management techniques and great marketing skills has ensured Pegasus as one of the successful airlines in Turkey. 1. Give examples of needs, wants and demands that Pegasus customers demonstrate, differentiating these three c oncepts. What are the implications of each for Pegasus’ practices? Needs: In conjunction with the needs of people to take airplane, Turkish Airlines had been established in order to let passengers travel from one place to another. Wants: Wants are the form human needs take as they are shaped by culture and individual personality.Customers will prefer to choose Pegasus instead of Onur Air, Fly Air, Sun Express, and Atlasjet because Pegasus delivering low prices with a high-quality service experience to them. Demands: Demands is mean by humans wants that are backed by buying power. Given their wants and resources, people demand products with benefits that add up to the most value and satisfaction. For example, Pegasus provided customer service at the airport such as exclusive allotments for the first 72 hours of parking with a valet parking option.The implications of each for Pegasus’ practices are provide convenient for the customers because they are able to do online b ooking through the internet. The passengers are also able to find hotel easily through customer service and they can get some discount as well. Other than that, these practices can also bring profits and income to the company. These practices are able to attract more customers to select Pegasus Airlines. 2. Describe in detail all the facets of Pegasus’ product. What is being exchanged in a Pegasus transaction? )An in-plane-bulletin is avalaible for customer, with a mix of offers amd features on certains destination. Althouoght the bulletin is free for customers, but this generates incomes via advertisement. ii)Pegasus has a Facebook page complete with a game entitling customer to win free tckets. Pegasus too have a Twitter page that offers special compettion. A special campaign associated with Vodafone, called the ‘Mobile Phone Fly’ whereby customer collect sms-es to gain discounts, emulating the traditional strategy of other airlines, ie, ‘Shops and milesà ¢â‚¬â„¢.This is to create a sustainable relationship with it’s customer while leveraging the possibilities of social networks and other digital technologies. iii) A special web site tittled â€Å"Pegasus Listens To You†, where it encourage customers to generate ideas for services, improvement, debate generic questions and topics, relating to the airline’s management and services, also to encourage customers to report problems they have encoutered. This helps Pegasus to consistantly obtain feedback and maintain profitable relationship. 3. Which of the five marketing management concepts best applies to Pegasus?Among the five marketing management concepts, we came out with a conclusion that the Marketing Concept best applies to Pegasus. The Marketing Concept is defined as the philosophy that holds the achieving organizational goals depends on knowing the needs and wants of target marketing and delivering the desired satisfactions better than competitors do. Based o n the article, Pegasus Airlines had satisfied the needs of customers by providing airplanes that bring passengers from place to another. Pegasus had also satisfied the wants of target marketing by offer affordable flight tickets, so that everyone will be able to take a flight.Under the marketing concept, the Pegasus Airlines integrates all the marketing activities that affect customers. In turn, it yields profits by creating lasting relationships with the right customers based on customer value and satisfaction. For example, the Pegasus had carried out ticket pricing strategy and the system was complemented by an electronic ticket policy whereby passengers receive their information via SMS and e-mail. This had provided convenient to the passengers because it had save a lot of their time and they can book air ticket at home by using the Internet.Besides that, Pegasus had also developed a specific customer satisfaction guarantee policy that provides customers. For example, in the case of a delay greater than 3 hours, a refund of the ticket will be given out, and if delay greater than 5 hours, a refund and a free ticket will be given out. Pegasus also offers a customer service experience at the airport by providing exclusive allotments for the first 72 hours of parking with a valet parking option, VIP and Business Class lounges, car rental and many hotel partners where customers can get some discount. . What value does Pegasus create for its customers? Pegasus create customer perceived value by keeping up with its customers even when they are not flying. Pegasus had created a Facebook page complete with a game entitling customers to win free tickets. The company also has a Twitter account which offers customers special competitions. Other than that, Pegasus had also carried out a special campaign in association with Vodafone called â€Å"mobile phone fly†, whereby consumers accumulated for each SMS an award of 5 percent toward a Pegasus ticket discount.Bes ides that, Pegasus had also created a website called â€Å"Pegasus Listens to You. † This is to encourage customers to generate ideas for service improvement, to debate generic questions and topics relating to the airline’s management and services, and to encourage customers to report problems they have encountered. In short, Pegasus hopes to create a sustainable relationship with its customers while leveraging the possibilities of social networks and other digital technologies. In general, the customers are getting more benefits than the costs that they have to pay to get the service given by pegasus.

Henry Fayol Theory of Management Essay

DEFINITION OF PUBLIC SPHERE THEORY In rhetoric, the places were citizens exchange ideas, information, attitude and opinions. The concept of Habermas public sphere is a metaphorical term used to describe the virtual space where people can interact through the world wide web, for instance is not actually a web, cyberspace is not a space, and so with the public sphere. It’s the virtual space where the citizens of a country exchange ideas and discuss issues in order to reach agreement about ‘matters of general interest’(Jurgen, Habermas 1997:105) HISTORY OF JURGEN HABERMAS Jurgen Habermas was born in Dusseldorf, Garmany in 1929, he had served in the Hilter youth and had been sent to them. The western front during the final months of the war.  Habermas entrance onto the intellectual scence began in 1950s with an influential critique of Martin Heideggers philosophy.  He studied philosophy at universities of Gottingen and Bonn, which he followed with studies in philosophy and sociology at the institute of social research under Maz Horkheimer and Theoder Adono. In the 1960s and 70s he target at the university of Heidelberg and Frankfurt am main. He then  accepted a directorship at the Max Pianck institution in stamberg in 1971. In 1980 he won prize and two years later he took a professorship at the university of Frankfurt, remaining there until his retirement in 1994. Habermas on the public sphere, he means first at al a dominant of our social life in which something coming out in which public opinion can be formed. The right is guaranteed to all citizen. A position of the public sphere comes in being in every conversation in which private individuals assemble to form a public body. Citizens behave as a public body when they confer in an unrestricted fashion †¦ i.e, with the guarantee of freedom of assembly and association and the freedom to express and publish their opinions†¦ about matters of general interest. The contemporary publics sphere is characterized according to Habermas. By the weathering of its critical roles and capacities. In the past publicity was used to subject people or the present political decisions to the public. Today the public sphere is recruited for the use of hidden policies by interest groups. For Habermas, the principles of the public sphere are weakening in the 20th century. The public is no longer made out of masses of individuals but of organized people that institutionally exerting their influence on the public sphere and debate. Habermas introduces the concepts of â€Å"communicative power† as the key normative resources for countering the norn-free steering media of money and administrative power. Linking †˜communication’ with ‘power’ already suggests a mix of the normative resources of communicative action with the impersonal force of power. Is such a conceptual mix stable? As the source for democratic legitimation of the use of state power, communicative power is a central notion in Habermas’s democratic theory. Although, in the medium of in restricted communication†¦ new problem situation can be perceived more sensitively, discourses aimed at achieving self-understanding can be conducted more widely and expressively, collective identities and need interpretations can be articulated with fewer compulsions then is the case in procedurally regulated public sphere. HOW HABERMAS ANALYSIS PUBLIC COMMUNICATION Habermas analysis public communication in medieval times there existed no separation or distinction between private and public sphere, dure to the class pyramid of the feudal system. This system for Habermas positioned greater power at every level and to this day conventions regarding the ruler persisted, with political authority retained by the highest level. Rulers saw the state and not as representatives of the state – meaning that they represent their power to the people and not for the people. According to Habermas, by the late 18th century feudal institutions were finally disappearing along with church’s rule, making way to public power which was given autonomy. Rulers become public entities and professionalism bore the first signs of the bourgeois which become autonomous in relation to the government. Representational publicity was pushed over by a public force that formed around national and territorial sentiment and individual struggling with public power found themselves outside its collective power. The term â€Å"public† did not refer to the representation of a man with authority, but rather became the legitimate power of exercising power. The public sphere, according to Habermas, was the final stage of these developments. HOW IMPORTANT HARBERMAS THEORY Solutions can be raised and tested for potential objections without the pressure to put ‘opinion’ immediately in practice. Uncoupling communicated opinions from concrete practical obligations tends to have an intellectualizing effect. Furthermore, a great deal of political communication that does not immediately call for political action is certainly crucial to the political discourse a robust, democratic society. Free sphere plays an essential role in the political process as a cooperative search for truth. We should not be misled into thinking that the public sphere amounts to nothing more than a public arena in which people talk about politics. Nor does the public sphere have merely instrumental value for bringing ‘relevant information’ into political process. The public sphere is a normative  concept that plays a key role in the process that culminates in legitimate political decisions. According to Habermas, institutionalized democratic lawmaking and judicial review alone are insufficient to confer democratic legitimacy. Alone with legislative decisions, judicial and administrative decision are only ensured legitimacy through the normative reasons generated by an un-subverted public sphere. Otherwise, political decisions are dedicated by the power struggles within the political system and not by citizens themselves who, as the addresses of the law, are the ones affected. Without robust political public sphere, there is little check on the administrative power that dictates the flow of communication and power within the political system and the citizenry. Thus, the public sphere theory is more inanely an arena for talking politics. It is the primary site for detecting problems, for generating radical democratic infuses, and for the deliberation of citizens, all of which are necessary for democratic legitimacy. In the following, I distinguish the important normative aspects of the informal public sphere theory. 1. Its communicative and organizational structure 2. The capacities required to meet its deliberate role within a deliberative politics and 3. The qualified out comes or effects generated by the public sphere. This last aspect will lead into the discussion of crucial role of communicative power.

Currency Wars in China

Currency Wars in China Background The design of the international monetary system at Bretton Woods involved the management of exchange rates by only the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Changes to this system were only permitted in the event that a nation was found to exhibit both internal and external imbalance in its exchange rate.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Currency Wars in China specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The approval of these changes by the IMF was dependent on the nature of the reserve stock, whereby a fall in reserves beyond a set threshold resulted in devaluing or efforts to restrain demand. Additionally, the United States was responsible for maintenance of the gold convertibility of the dollar in return for its reserve purpose. One of the reasons for devaluation of the dollar against gold was the regulation by the IMF, which prevented other nations from matching it. However, in 1971, the Bretton Woods monetary system crumpled since the US was unable to sustain the gold convertibility. Subsequently, the primary powers in the 1970s began to float their currencies, though developing markets failed to cut their ties to the dollar. The IMF proposed that any exchange rate regime was allowed with the exception of pegging to gold, though no country followed these rules.1 Following the changes in monetary systems, the US proposed that countries floating their currencies ought to examine the interests of the nation whose currency they planned to use when intervening, though the currencies to which this process was applicable was not established. Nevertheless, the countries that established their own currencies viewed their pegging value as a sovereign decision that did not require the intervention of external parties, including the issuers of their reserve currencies. This independence made the countries overlook the need to conduct regular revaluations in order to identify with the Balassa-Samuelsonâ₠¬â„¢s deductions that rapidly growing nations need to increase their real exchange rates as a control measure to undervaluation from developing. Consequently, the exchange rates of fast growing economies became undervalued.2Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Analysis of Exchange Rates The past few decades have witnessed a free-for-all exchange rate environment. During this time, the dollar has become a preferred currency owing to concerns regarding the European sovereign debt. Table 1 (in the appendix) reflects an easing of the dollar floating currencies following the re-evaluation of the vigor of the US recovery, as well as prospects arising from the expectation of new US monetary. The table indicates the calculated Fundamental equilibrium exchange rate (FEER) based on levels of real effective exchange rate indexes for 30 countries collected from the IMF’s W orld Economic Outlook (WEO) early 2000. The table also shows the changes needed to reach equilibrium for both May and October of the same year, following a constant FEER. The symbols in the final column are based on assumptions made for currencies that are undervalued (U), overvalued (O), or within 2.5% of equilibrium (E).3 From the table, it can be deduced that the United States is fast approaching equilibrium following the 5% reduction in the devaluation number obtained in May. China, on the other hand, has drifted further from equilibrium owing to its ballyhooed appreciation against the dollar since its ‘flexiblization’ in June, which has failed to compensate its depreciation against many other currencies. Other undervalued currencies in East Asian economies such as Malaysia, Taiwan, and Hong Kong have not changed between the quarters. A few currencies have been overvalued, such as the euro, yen, South African Rand, and Australian dollar, with some of these increasin g their overvaluation, such as the latter two. The exchange rate interventions pursued by different economies can be regarded as either antisocial or warranted. For instance, the efforts made by a nation to curb appreciation as a remedy for undervaluation of its currency can be considered as unjustifiable. Conversely, if that nation was overvalued relative to its FEER, then the same intervention would be regarded as fair and justified according to the cooperative international behavior.4 Table 2: country categorization by currency under or over valuation in October 2010 and exchange rate intervention in recent months Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Currency Wars in China specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Table 2, above, categorizes the countries in table 1 based on their exchange rate intervention. The groups include purchase of foreign currency to prevent appreciation, lack of intervention, and sale of foreign exc hange to prevent depreciation. Further classifications are made based on the countries’ exchange rate position relative to the FEER target. These are undervaluation, approximate equilibrium and overvaluation, as identified in the final column of table 1. Based on the data, it is evident that no country intervened to curb depreciation by selling its reserves, though most of them took measures to avert appreciation. Most of these intervention measures were made with the view to reducing international balances, such as interventions made by overvalued countries. However, the nations with undervalued currencies intervened in a vicious manner that is likely to increase the distortion in international imbalances, such as China. The economies that were close to their FEER value, such as Korea, also applied interventions to inhibit further appreciation, though this was not done in consideration of the international economy. There are a few countries that did not conduct any market in terventions; those in the 2nd row of table 2. These countries, including New Zealand and Canada, were overvalued.5 Data in table 2 is an indication of the numerous countries seeking interventions as a way to keep the exchange rate from moving further away from a level that is appropriate for external balance, with the exception of countries in the first row and column. Cline and Williamson note that is imprudent criticize countries for their interventions in an effort to stop inflation regardless of the condition of their economy. Most of the overvalued economies lie in the floating emerging-markets category, and they should not be criticized for preventing further appreciation. It is necessary for these developing countries to prevent the appreciation of the currencies, despite having sufficient reserves, in order to safeguard their export sector.6 Relevance of macroeconomic policies for equilibrium James Meade proposed the Meadean Theory in early 1950s. According to this theory, e very country’s macroeconomic policies are aimed at attaining internal balance (IB) and external balance (EB). The definition of these terms changed over the years, with that of IB transforming from the notion of an optimum level of employment output, to encompass inflation as well. In this regard, it was settled that IB referred to the level of unemployment at the natural rate, or the level of demand imposed by a Taylor Rule. EB, on the other hand, was considered as the constant level of reserves, owing to equilibrium between current account balance and exogenous flow of capital.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This assumption was changed by the identification of a variable, rate of interest, which was common to both flow of capital and current account balance. The definition of EB was also changed due to the awareness that the policy objective may be influenced to raise the reserve level for either self-insurance or as an indication of development. Since both industrial and developing countries can borrow or lend unlimited amounts, it is required that a country limits its current account deficits to a maximum of 4% of its GDP. The Meadean Theory was useful in establishing the IB and EB targets based on the control of exchange rates and the fiscal-monetary policy using expenditure-changing and expenditure-switching policies. The latter involves maintaining the level of demand and satisfying the need using products from another economy, which is influenced by exchange rates. Expenditure changing policies, on the other hand, influence total spending regardless of where it is spent, and are d ependent on fiscal and monetary policies, as well as the level of credit expansion. The theory holds that proper management of these policies should place an economy close to both IB and EB. As such, a country can be placed in one of four zones of disequilibrium as illustrated in figure 1 below. Figure 1: the four zones of disequilibrium The implication of the zone in which a country falls in is tabulated below. Action zone I Devalue Can either expand or contract demand zone II Can devalue, revalue or neither Should expand demand zone III Needs to revalue zone IV Can either devalue (to approach EB) or revalue (to approach IB) Should contract demand The left side of IB is characterized by a shortage of demand, which is characteristic of industrial countries like the US. In addition, these countries face challenges in increasing their fiscal due to the bond market. As such, they increase their monetary expansion. However, the exchange rates of most developed countrie s are close to equilibrium with overvaluations arising due to undervaluing of China. Australia and New Zealand do not fall in this category, and are instead placed to the right and above B on the IB curve in a similar manner to emerging market economies, which have strong demand and supply struggles, making them overvalued. These developing countries are overly reliant on the export sector to boost growth. The third group comprises developing countries like China that have profoundly controlled exchange rates. These economies are undervalued and have high levels of demand. Hence, they fall on the IB curve (towards the right due to excess demand), on the border between zones II and III.7 The situation with China The Chinese exchange rate policy has been put under question for the country’s involvement in currency manipulation through the investment of 50% of its GDP in currency reserves.8 The protectionist policy adopted by the Chinese government allows the country to subsidiz e production of its exports and import substitutes. The implications of this system on global trade are enormous mainly because China is the biggest exporter in the World. The account deficit in the United States is partly due to the large Chinese surplus. The Chinese currency policies have influenced those of other economies since high-income nations, such as Japan, Germany and the US, cannot make good use of the extra earnings in the developing countries. For such high-income nations to exhibit rational household sectors and fiscal discipline, they need to increase their investments and establish a current account surplus. Since some of these economies are already in the practice of continued savings surplus, it is possible to return to stable growth in the world economy by jointly establishing a substantial current account. The macroeconomic challenges posed by China are due to its dynamic and solvent nature as a developing economy. Additionally, China is well capable of changing the current surplus towards deficit by $300bn a year, with insignificant risk.9 Figure 2: charts showing China’s exchange rates, current account, trade and foreign exchange reserves from 2000 to 2010.10 Resolving the situation and returning the balance of the world economy requires China to take up various measures including modifications of the Chinese nominal exchange rate. Such a strategy would involve an increment in inflation that would adjust relative prices. However, inflation would also increase domestic changing with respect to relative output. As such, adjustments to the exchange rate should be complemented with the inclusion of a â€Å"cap on the intervention to stop sterilization of the monetary consequences and targets for real domestic demand, household consumption and the current account†.11 Such structural adjustments to the Chinese economy would be in order, so as to prevent escalation of exchange rates that would destroy the export industry, as well as to evade the trap posed by belligerent credit extension to enhance domestic spending relative to output.12 While there appears to be a solution, the problem lies in that China is the one with the responsibility of modifying its policies. As such, experts suggest that the Group of 20 leading (G-20) countries should join forces in persuading China to enact these changes. In the event of complete failure of such efforts, there are other alternatives such as surcharging imports or capital account reciprocity. The latter involves the concerned nations inhibiting other â€Å"countries from purchasing their financial instruments, unless these countries provided reciprocal access to their financial markets†.13 However, this attack on trade is both a brutal strategy that involves discriminatory attacks on all imports, and a violation of the rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO), just to influence the Chinese. Hence, the proposal by the US for intervention in capital markets is observed as the better approach. This would involve the persuasion of Chinese to stop purchasing the liabilities of other countries provided it ensures tight regulations on capital inflows as a direct and proportionate way to open the market.14 Conclusion As discussed in the case for China, the modification of policies holds the solution to creating both internal and external balance. The implications of adjusting policies for the 30 countries are shown in table 3 in the appendix. Since China falls on the IB curve, it should combine revaluation with stimulation of domestic policies. This would involve enhancing social security and public pensions, while redirecting demand from capital-intensive manufacture to labor-intensive services to reduce private and public saving, and increase domestic employment, and subsequent demand, respectively. Some individuals are weary that a termination of Chinese purchases of US government bonds would crumble the latter, though experts suggest tha t the global private sector has the financial muscle to fill the void, and the position held by the dollar make this scenario highly improbable. In addition, a weaker dollar could yield a positive outcome.15 Economists suggest that a solution to the currency wars should reveal a world economy where the most dynamic economy is not the largest capital exporter. Considering that China has insured itself to a high level, it should adopt policies that transform its economy to a net importer in order to benefit both its citizens and the world. Bibliography Cline, R. William, and John Williamson. Policy Brief: Currency wars. Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2010: 1-11. Eichengreen, Barry. Currency War or International Policy Coordination? Berkeley: University of California, 2013. Eichengreen, Barry. Reshaping Tomorrow: Is South Asia Ready for the Big Leap? Managing Capital Inflows, (2011): 202-236. Gagnon, Joseph, Mathew Raskin, Julie Remache, and Brian Sack. The Financial M arket Effects of the Federal Reserves Large-Scale Asset Purchases. International Journal of Central Banking, 7 (2011): 3-43. Wolf, Martin. How to fight the currency wars with stubborn China. Financial Times, (2010): 1-2. Footnotes 1 Joseph Gagnon, Mathew Raskin, Julie Remache, and Brian Sack. The Financial Market Effects of the Federal Reserves Large-Scale Asset Purchases. International Journal of Central Banking, 7 (2011): 6. 2 Ibid. 10 3 William, Cline R. and John Williamson. Policy Brief: Currency wars. Peterson Institute for International Economics, (2010): 2. 4 Barry, Eichengreen. Currency War or International Policy Coordination? (Berkeley: University of California, 2013). 5 William, Cline R. and John Williamson. Peterson Institute for International Economics, (2010): 3 6 Ibid. 5 7 William, Cline R. and John Williamson. Peterson Institute for International Economics, (2010): 7 8 Martin, Wolf. How to fight the currency wars with stubborn China. Financial Times, (2010): 1. 9 Ibi d. 1 10 Ibid. 2 11 Ibid. 2 12 Eichengreen, Barry. Reshaping Tomorrow: Is South Asia Ready for the Big Leap? Managing Capital Inflows , (2011): 203 13 Martin, Wolf. Financial Times, (2010): 2. 14 Eichengreen, Barry. Managing Capital Inflows, (2011): 214. 15 Martin, Wolf. Financial Times, (2010): 2.

Types of Teachers Most Students Love and Hate

Types of Teachers Most Students Love and Hate Hashtag: #OdioAlProfesorQue (I hate the teacher who..) Types of Teachers Most Students Love and Hate There are different types of teachers in the college realm and some of them belong to the type that most students would love.   These are teachers who are not so strict when it comes to class discipline, crack jokes in class, just check the attendance and do not even teach. However, there are teachers who take their job seriously, too strict, give students so many requirements, and teach in a style some students hate. Teaching, according to the literature is undoubtedly not an easy job as teachers need to blend and leave a mark on students who have varying views and diverse culture. Moreover, students learn in various ways and therefore requiring an application of specific teaching style. However, since not all teachers can offer all the teaching styles, students will always love or hate a teacher. Study of the teacher’s characteristics that have positive effects on college students suggest that most students like teachers who are always coming to class prepared, creative in the way he or she teach the class, fair in both student treatment and grading, funny, have a very positive attitude about being a teacher, and have high expectations for all students. Moreover, teachers who respect and never embarrass any student in front of the class, make students feel welcome and comfortable, approachable and with a sense of humor, showing compassion and genuine concern about students problems are the most loved and memorable among college students. In contrast, teachers who let their students take responsibility for their learning; making no effort to teach or help the class understand the course material, making destructive criticism and comparisons about low and top-scoring students in front of the class are mostly despised and remembered for their misbehavior and ineffectiveness. Good and Bad Classroom Teaching Behaviors Good classroom teaching behaviors such as those mentioned earlier  can be viewed as the leading edge of teaching and most likely have a positive impact on students’ feelings and attitude towards their teacher. In contrast, classroom teaching behaviors that are based on the false notion that public disclosure and personal attacks on students would motivate and improve their performance are not only unprofessional and ineffective but make students hate the teacher and the class. Study of the benefits of good classroom teaching behavior suggests that college students often appreciate a good teacher and developed negative feelings toward the poor teacher. A good teacher in their view is the one who induces a relaxed and enjoyable atmosphere in class, contribute more to their learning, confident in students’ ability to learn, genuinely care and promote students’ interest in the material and motivation to come to his or her class and learn. A poor teacher for these students, on the other hand, is one who induces mistrust and a tense classroom atmosphere contributes little to their learning, lowers their self-esteem and restrains their ability to learn. A human relation approach to teaching can help teachers avoid the negative impact of ineffective teacher-students relationship. For instance, since most students have varying learning needs and cultural preferences, a caring teacher is more likely to succeed than an irate one practicing bigotry in his or her class.   In fact, the teaching requirements in human relations-oriented teaching such as creating supportive classroom atmosphere, helping and guiding students in resolving course-related problems, encouraging participation and collaboration in class are almost similar to beneficial classroom teaching behavior discussed earlier.

Voter Identification Legislation and Mediation Assignment

Voter Identification Legislation and Mediation - Assignment Example Such a situation calls for a mediation party to step in and resolve the matter. One of the famous mediation initiatives in the history of America involved Holder stepping in to address the rights of voting. The Holder Jr. mediation had the minority voters and poor people vs. the Justice Department were the primary parties as the issue involved the two with the Justice Department doing injustice to the minority voters. In this case, Attorney Holder Jr. stepped in to address the minorities voting groups claims that the Justice Department had made it harder for them to participate in the voting exercise (Savage, 2011). In his mediation process, Holder promised these voting groups that new laws on elections had to be enacted and the laws will be in such a way that they will not discriminate any voting group. To achieve this, he had to hear out the side of the Justice Department as they played a role in enacting such laws. Holder went ahead to suggest that new discrimination laws patterns had to be put in place for the best interests of the nation. According to him, the main reason for such conflicts was the manner in which race had continued to possess many officials serving the state. The Justice Department was also accused of standing in the way of the meeting that was to take place in Louisiana parish which excluded officeholders that were black (Savage, 2011). This showed that the Justice Department was the main cause of this conflict. Holder went ahead to point out that such kinds of fraud were witnessed too infrequently to be used as a basis for this discrimination. The end result was that the states that had been affected by this issue ended up adopting registration systems for voters that were not cumbersome and allowed every citizen to exercise their basic right. Mediation proved to be the best means of settling the above conflict as the only way out was facilitate an agreement between the Justice Department and the minority voters groups.     

You can decide the topic whatever you want by those requirements I Essay

You can decide the topic whatever you want by those requirements I pasted - Essay Example Hanna is a police detective who is highly interested in bringing the criminal activities of De Niro and his group to an end. In the quest to complete his mission, Hanna faces several difficulties as well as issues in the family. On the other hand, De Niro if quite successful in his endeavors but admits of the feeling of loneliness. The two individuals are obsessed with their carriers and encounter loneliness in different instances, in the movie. This research introduces the film by reviewing it general storyline. Crime has incorporation in the film. The work of the detective is clearly stated and the hurdles to face in the search for fight crime in Los Angeles. The research tries to bring out the effects of work ethics and the way commitments affect different people in their line of duty. This research reviews the film ‘Heat’ focusing mainly on the elements of filming and they have been put together to bring out best quality views that concur with the film’s theme. The report analyses camera movements and it is of use to compliment other elements in the movie. The sound quality and perfect inclusion in the film have a clear analysis in the research paper’s body. The research also analyses Cinematography as used in the film, ‘Heat’ how the cinematographer was able to present real life experiences of different characters in the film. This has accomplishment by looking into the film’s main theme and how the cinematographer was able t o presents this theme to attract the attention n of public. The research reviews how the producer was able to combine the professionalism of the crew including the actors, writers, cinematographers, directors and the engineering team to produce such quality work. The research paper concludes by giving the setbacks of combining drama and crime in the film eliminating it from thriller category. The conclusion