Influence of Drilling Fluid on oil Recovery in Homogenous Reservoirs Essay

Influence of Drilling fluid on oil Recovery in Homogenous Reservoirs - Essay ExampleNeedless to say, as monumental as 70 percent produce of taps in the world, produce water contaminated by metals, which progress from acid mines drainage and process streams (Srivastava & Majunder, 2008). The waste water, much(prenominal) as that containing metal and sulphate contaminates, argon accompany by far reaching environmental consequences. Moreover, the costs associated with managing these consequences ar significant. This paper gives an overview of water contamination in the mining industries, followed by an exploration of the common methods under development and operation. Considering that current water discourse techniques view as varied limitations, this paper proposes a way forward for mining industries to avoid water contamination.There are various elements within the earth crust, which include hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, sodium, magnesium, phosphorous, sulphur, chlorine, potass ium and calcium. These constitute 99 percent of the earth vivacious matter. On the other hand, there are fourteen essential elements. These include boron, fluorine, silicon, manganese, iron, cobalt, and cop, among others. Metals such as Mercury, lead, cadmium, arsenic, chromium, copper manganese and zinc are not essential, and their interaction with the aquatic environment is hazardous. On the other hand, dumb metals are a class of metallic elements that contain relatively high densities whose low tightfistednesss are exceedingly toxic. The atomic metals have atomic weight that range from 63.5 to 2006. Heavy metals can are additionally separate as toxic metals, precious metals and radio-nuclide. Radionuclides include uranium and thorium. Precious metals include silver and gold, among others (Srivastava & Majunder, 2008). Acid solutions top from the interaction of the ground or of surface water with the acidic materials, such as pyrites that are piece in rocks at the mines, p iles of earthen refuse and auger holes. The iron sulphide mineral pyrites are usually found near subsurface coal seams, together with compounds containing aluminium and manganese, among other metals. In the heraldic bearing of oxygen, rainwater or ground waters contact sulphur to form sulphuric acid. Acid concentration in the acid mine drainage can reach as significant levels such as ten thousand times the neutral water. Evidently, this presents a powerful leaching agent with the potential of disintegration significant amounts of metal substances, as well as additional leaching substances that are common at most mine sites. Rock layers and earth above the coalmines contain traces of metals such as iron, aluminium and manganese, notwithstanding can also contain other heavy metals such as lead and cadmium (Han & Chan, 2006). These metals free in the acid mine drainage and are washed into water sources through run off. Eventually, such metal concentrations harm aquatic organisms su ch as fish. For instance, dissolved iron precipitates can kill aquatic organisms that serve as food for fishes. Iron precipitate can result in fish lamella clogging. Additionally, iron precipitation in the drainage channels alter aquatic food chains thereby adversely affecting fish populations. Treatment of waste water The concern for environmental scientists has been to establish possible ways of regulating hazardous metal concentrations and mitigate associated environmental concerns. Methods in the treatment of the acid mine drainage can be broadly categorized into two active treatment and passive treatment methods. Active techniques entail mechanical addition of the alkaline solutions with the aim of raising PH concentrations besides effectuate metals. Passive treatment